What is a Hernia?

An abdominal wall hernia is a weakness or opening that allows fat or intestine to push through, often creating a bulge beneath the skin.

It is similar to a damaged tire: the inner tube can protrude through a weak area in the outer wall.

The word “hernia” comes from the Latin for “prolapse,” or protrusion. Descriptions of hernias date back to ancient Egypt in the 1500s BC.

Diagram of female abdomen showing different types of hernias, including epigastric, umbilical, incisional, inguinal, spigelian, and femoral hernias.
Close-up image of a large truck tire with a black bumper guard nearby and part of a white structure, possibly a vehicle or trailer, in the background.
Close-up of a middle-aged man's bare torso, with one hand touching his stomach.

Hernias often develop in naturally weak areas of the abdominal wall. One is the umbilicus, or belly button, where the umbilical cord was attached before birth. An opening here can develop into an umbilical hernia.

Another weak area is the inguinal canal in the groin. In men, this is where structures including the blood vessels to the testicle pass through the abdominal wall. A hernia in this area is called an inguinal hernia.

A previous surgical incision can also leave a weak area that opens over time. This is called an incisional hernia.

How are Hernias Diagnosed?

Medical imaging machine in a modern clinic room.

Diagnosis usually begins with a discussion of your symptoms and medical history, followed by a physical examination. Your surgeon may request an ultrasound or CT scan to examine the abdominal wall more closely.

Imaging can be particularly helpful when the hernia is difficult to feel on examination or when your symptoms suggest a hidden hernia.

How do Hernias Develop?

Hernias are quite common and over 20 million hernias are repaired each year all around the world. Hernias can develop for many reasons. Risk factors include:

  • Chronic cough

  • Constipation

  • Obesity

  • Smoking

  • Repetitive heavy lifting

  • Connective tissue diseases

Cross-section of the human abdomen showing intestines, muscles, and fat tissue.

Abdominal Weakness

Cross-sectional illustration of the male reproductive system showing the penis, testicles, and surrounding tissues.

Hernia Incarceration

Cross-sectional illustration of a human nose showing the nasal cavity, cartilage, and surrounding tissue.

Hernia Formation

Cross-sectional illustration of the male reproductive anatomy, including the penis, erectile tissue, and surrounding structures.

Hernia Strangulation

Person lifting a barbell in a gym.

Hernias often develop gradually. A weak area near the belly button, groin, or a previous incision can enlarge over time. Fat or intestine may push through the opening and become trapped.

An incarcerated hernia contains tissue that is stuck and cannot be returned to the abdomen. A strangulated hernia occurs when the trapped tissue’s blood supply is compromised, potentially causing tissue damage.

Seek urgent medical assessment if a hernia becomes painful or cannot be pushed back in, particularly with vomiting or worsening symptoms. A strangulated hernia is a surgical emergency.

click to learn about hernia symptoms
click to learn about hernia types
click to learn about hernia treatment options